GOST 11739.16-90
GOST 11739.16−90 Alloys aluminium cast and wrought. Methods for determination of Nickel
GOST 11739.16−90
Group B59
STATE STANDARD OF THE USSR
ALLOYS ALUMINIUM CAST AND WROUGHT
Methods for determination of Nickel
Aluminium casting and wrought alloys.
Methods for determination of nickel
AXTU 1709
Valid from 01.07.91
before 01.07.96*
_______________________________
* Expiration removed
Protocol 5−94 N Interstate Council
for standardization, Metrology and certification
(IUS N 11/12, 1994). — Note the manufacturer’s database.
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the Ministry of aviation industry of the USSR
DEVELOPERS
V. G. Davydov, doctor of engineering. Sciences; V. A. Moshkin, PhD. tech. Sciences; G. I. Friedman, PhD. tech. Sciences; L. A. Tenyakova; M. N. Gorlova, PhD. chem. Sciences; O. L. Sikorska, PhD. chem. Sciences; A. I. Korolev
2. APPROVED AND put INTO EFFECT by Decision of the USSR State Committee on management of quality and standards from
3. The FREQUENCY of INSPECTION — 5 years
4. The STANDARD CONFORMS to ISO 3979 aluminium wrought alloys, in terms of the essence of the method, methods of extraction and re-extraction solution, measuring the optical density of the solution and results processing; ISO 3981 for wrought aluminium alloys, part of the essence of the method, processing the results
5. REPLACE GOST 11739.16−78
6. REFERENCE NORMATIVE AND TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS
| The designation of the reference document referenced |
Item number |
| GOST 849−70 |
3.2; 4.2 |
| GOST 3118−77 |
2.2; 3.2; 4.2 |
| GOST 3760−79 |
2.2; 3.2 |
| GOST 4109−79 |
3.2 |
| GOST 4147−74 |
3.2 |
| GOST 4197−74 |
3.2 |
| GOST 4204−77 |
2.2; 3.2; 4.2 |
| GOST 4328−77 |
3.2 |
| GOST 4461−77 |
2.2; 3.2; 4.2 |
| GOST 5457−75 |
4.2 |
| GOST 5817−77 |
2.2; 3.2 |
| GOST 5828−77 |
2.2 |
| GOST 10484−78 |
4.2 |
| GOST 10929−76 |
4.2 |
| GOST 11069−74 |
4.2 |
| GOST 18300−87 |
2.2; 3.2 |
| GOST 20015−74 |
3.2 |
| GOST 25086−87 |
1.1 |
| GOST 27068−86 |
3.2 |
This standard specifies the gravimetric (if the mass fraction of Nickel from 0.5 to 8%), photometric (at a mass fraction of Nickel from 0.005 to 3.0%) and atomic absorption (at a mass fraction of Nickel from 0.005 to 8%) methods for determination of Nickel.
1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.1. General requirements for methods of analysis GOST 25086 with the Supplement.
1.1.1. For the results analysis be the arithmetic mean of results of two parallel measurements.
2. GRAVIMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NICKEL
2.1. The essence of the method
The method is based on dissolving the sample in a mixture of hydrochloric and nitric acids followed by deposition of Nickel dimethylglyoxime of ammonia solution containing ammonium vinocity, and weighing the calcined residue.
2.2. Apparatus, reagents and solutions
Oven muffle.
Drying oven with thermostat.
Hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118, density of 1.19 g/cm, a solution of 1:1.
Nitric acid according to GOST 4461, density 1,35−1,40 g/cm, a solution of 1:1.
Sulfuric acid according to GOST 4204, density 1.84 g/cm.
Tartaric acid according to GOST 5817, a solution of 250 g/DM.
Ammonia water according to GOST 3760.
Methyl red, solution 1 g/lin ethanol.
The technical rectified ethyl alcohol according to GOST 18300.
Dimethylglyoxime, a solution of 5 g/lin ethanol.
The indicator Congo red: 0.1 g of the reagent dissolved in 100 cmof water at low heat.
Indicator paper Congo: medium-density filters («white ribbon») is impregnated with a solution of the Congo, dried in a drying Cabinet at a temperature of (110±5) °C, sliced and stored in boxe. The paper is suitable for use within one month
.
2.3. Analysis
2.3.1. A portion of the sample mass according to table.1 is placed in a conical flask with a capacity of 250 cm, 30 cm, pour the
hydrochloric acid solution, 5 cm
of a solution of nitric acid and heated until complete dissolution.
Table 1
| Mass fraction of Nickel, % |
The weight of the portion of the sample, g |
| From 0.5 to 2.0 incl. |
1 |
| SV. The 2.0 «to 8.0 « | 0,5 |
The solution was then boiled for 3−5 min to remove oxides of nitrogen, poured 150 cmwater 40 cm
of tartaric acid and ammonia until the blue color of the solution. The solution was poured dropwise a solution of hydrochloric acid until the disappearance of the blue color, is heated to a temperature of (70±2) °C, poured while stirring the solution dimethylglyoxime rate of 20 cm
for 1% Nickel in the sample, two or three drops of methyl red, the ammonia until yellow color and an excess of 2 cm
. The solution with the precipitated sludge is heated to a temperature of (70±2) °C and maintained for 30 minutes at a temperature of 60−70 °C.
2.3.2. The precipitate was filtered off through a filter medium density (white ribbon) and washed 6−8 times with hot water. The filter cake is dissolved in 30 cmof a solution of hot hydrochloric acid, and the filter washed with hot water (until the red color of Congo paper, is placed on the edge of the filter), collecting the washings in the same flask.
In the received solution add the ammonia until the appearance of blue color, dimethylglyoxime the rate of 5 cmper 1% of Nickel in the sample and periostat Nickel. The solution with the precipitated sludge is heated to a temperature of (70±2) °C, incubated for 30 minutes at a temperature of 60−70 °C, filtered through a filter medium density («white ribbon»), washed 6−8 times with hot water.
2.3.3. The filter with precipitate was placed in a brought to constant weight and weighed porcelain crucible, dried, carefully incinerated, not allowing to ignite the filter paper, calcined in a muffle furnace at 600−650 °C for 1 h, cooled in a desiccator and weighed.
2.4. Processing of the results
2.4.1. Mass fraction of Nickel () in percent is calculated by the formula
where is the mass of the crucible with the sediment, g;
— weight of crucible, g;
— weight of sample, g;
0,7858 — the coefficient of conversion of Nickel oxide to Nickel.
2.4.2. Discrepancies in the results must not exceed the values given in table.2.
Table 2
| Mass fraction of Nickel, % |
The absolute allowable difference, % | |
| results of parallel measurements |
the results of the analysis | |
| From 0.50 to 1.00 incl. |
0,05 |
0,06 |
| SV. 1,00 «2,00 « |
0,06 |
0,08 |
| «2,00» 4,00 « |
0,08 |
0,10 |
| «4,0» 8,0 « |
0,2 |
0,3 |
3. THE PHOTOMETRIC METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NICKEL
3.1. The essence of the method
The method is based on dissolving the sample in hydrochloric acid or sodium hydroxide, masking aluminium tartaric acid, manganese — hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the separation of copper Chernovetskiy sodium, the formation of Nickel compounds with dimethylglyoxime, its extraction with chloroform, re-extraction of Nickel with hydrochloric acid, kabooming education in the environment of complex compounds of Nickel with dimethylglyoxime in the presence of an oxidant and subsequent measurement of optical density at a wavelength of 445 nm.
3.2. Apparatus, reagents and solutions
Spectrophotometer or photoelectrocolorimeter.
a pH meter.
Drying oven with thermostat.
Sulfuric acid according to GOST 4204, density 1.84 g/cm, a solution of 1:1.
Hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118, density of 1.19 g/cm, mortar 1:1 and 0.5 mol/DM
.
Nitric acid according to GOST 4461, density 1,35−1,40 g/cm, a solution of 1:1.
Sodium Chernovetskiy according to GOST 27068, a solution of 500 g/DM.
Sodium hydroxide according to GOST 4328, solutions of 400 g/l200 g/l
and 20 g/DM
. The solutions were prepared and stored in a plastic container.
Sodium atomistically according to GOST 4197, solution 20 g/DM.
Iron chloride according to GOST 4147, a solution of 10 g/DM.
Tartaric acid according to GOST 5817, a solution of 300 g/DM.
The technical rectified ethyl alcohol according to GOST 18300.
Dimethylglyoxime, a solution of 10 g/lin ethanol.
Bromine according to GOST 4109.
Bromine water, saturated solution: 50 g of bromine are placed in a volumetric flask with a capacity of 1 DMwith a glass stopper, pour 500 cm
of water and shake 8−10 times, made up to the mark with water and stir a few times to reveal a tube.
Brominated dimethylglyoxime solution: 0.5 g dimethylglyoxime placed in a flask with a capacity of 250 cm, and dissolved in 100 cm
of ethanol, poured 1 cm
of sulfuric acid and 5 cm
of saturated bromine water.
The solution was transferred to volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cm, top up with alcohol to the mark and mix.
Ammonia water according to GOST 3760, solution 1:50.
Chloroform technical according to GOST 20015*.
_______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation GOST 20015−88. — Note the manufacturer’s database.
The indicator Congo red: 0.1 g of the reagent dissolved in 100 cmof water at low heat.
Indicator paper Congo: medium-density filters («white ribbon») is impregnated with a solution of the Congo, dried in a drying Cabinet at a temperature of (110±5) °C, sliced and stored in boxe. The paper is suitable for use within 1 month.
Universal indicator paper.
Nickel GOST 849* stamps N22.
_______________
* On the territory of the Russian Federation GOST 849−97, here and hereafter. — Note the manufacturer’s database.
Standard solutions of Nickel
Solution a: 0.1 g of Nickel was placed in a conical flask with a capacity of 250 cm, 30 cm, pour the
hydrochloric acid solution (1:1) and dissolved by heating. After dissolution, the solution was cooled to room temperature, transferred to a measuring flask with volume capacity of 1000 cm
, made up to the mark with water and mix.
1 cmof the solution contains 0.0001 g of Nickel.
Solution B: 100 cmof solution A is transferred into a measuring flask with volume capacity of 1000 cm
, made up to the mark with water and mix.
1 cmof solution B has the 0.00001 g of Nickel.
Adsorbent (materiana paper): 100 g of crushed filters (red ribbon) is placed in a beaker with a capacity of 500 cm, 300 cm poured
hot water and stirred with a stirrer until a homogeneous mA
ssy.
3.3. Analysis
3.3.1. When the mass fraction of silicon is less than 1% weighed samples (tab.3) is placed in a conical flask with a capacity of 250 cm, flow 10 cm
water 50 cm
of a hydrochloric acid solution of 1:1 and after the cessation of violent reaction solution is heated until complete dissolution of the sample. Add five drops of nitric acid and boiled for 5 min. the Cooled solution was transferred to a volumetric flask with a capacity of 250 cm
, made up to the mark with water and mix.
Table 3
| Mass fraction of Nickel, % |
The weight of the portion of the sample, g |
The volume of the solution aliquote part, see |
| From 0.005 to 0.025 incl. |
1 |
100 |
| SV. Of 0.025 «to 0.10 « |
1 |
25 |
| «0,1» 0,5 « |
1 |
10 |
| «0,5» 2,0 « |
0,5 |
5 |
| «2,0» 3,0 « |
0,5 |
2,5 |
3.3.2. When the mass fraction of silicon in excess of 1% suspension of the samples (tab.3) were placed in a glass made of PTFE or glassy carbon with a capacity of 200 cm, poured 5−7 cm
of water, if the sample no iron, pour 1 cm
of solution of ferric chloride and at constant cooling is added in small portions 50 cm
of sodium hydroxide 400 g/DM
. After termination of the reaction the beaker was heated until complete dissolution of the sample and with moderate heating, avoiding splashing, evaporated to 15−20 cm
. The presence in the solution turbidity of the gray color indicates the presence of undissolved silica. In this case, heating was continued until a clear solution. After cooling in a glass, carefully poured the water down to 200 cm
and heated to dissolve the salts.
The solution was filtered through a filter medium density («white ribbon») with the adsorbent. The filter cake was washed 6 times with hot sodium hydroxide solution 20 g/DM, 6−8 times with hot water and dissolved in 40 cm
of hot hydrochloric acid (1:1) over a flask with a capacity of 250 cm
. If the sample contains more than 0.5% manganese, the precipitate is dissolved in a mixture containing 40 cm
of a hydrochloric acid solution (1:1) and 0.1 cm
of a solution of sodium attestatio. The solution before use is heated to 70−80 °C. the Filter was washed 10−12 times with hot water, collecting the washings in the same flask.
The filtrate and washings, after cooling, transferred to a volumetric flask with a capacity of 250 cm, made up to the mark with water and traveling.
sivut.
3.3.3. Aliquot part of the solution (table.3) is placed in a beaker with a capacity of 250 cm, 10 cm poured
the solution of tartaric acid, 5 cm
of a solution of hydrochloric acid hydroxylamine and sodium hydroxide solution 200 g/DM
to change the coloring paper of the Congo in the blue-lilac color, with a pH of 4.5 (controlled by pH meter).
Pour 10 cmof a solution of sodium servational and after 3 min set the pH value to 6.5 with sodium hydroxide solution 200 g/DM
using pH meter (allowed prior to the application of universal indicator paper).
The solution was transferred to separatory funnel No. 1 with a capacity of 250 cm, 5 cm pour the
solution dimethylglyoxime 10 cm
of chloroform and shaken for 2 min.
The solution was allowed to stand for 30 s and decanted organic phase in a separatory funnel No. 2 with a capacity of 100 cm, for washing the separating funnel N 1 1 cm
of chloroform.
Re-extraction is carried out successively with 10 cmand 5 cm
of chloroform for 30 s and after standing for 30 s poured the chloroform layer in separatory funnel No. 2, washing the separating funnel N 1 1 cm
of chloroform, the aqueous phase is discarded.
The combined extracts in the separating funnel is washed with 2 N 25 cmof ammonia solution by shaking for 30 s.
The organic phase after settling for 30 s poured into separatory funnel No. 3 with a capacity of 100 cm, the aqueous phase is from
brasivol.
3.3.4. To the organic phase in a separating funnel N 3 pour 20 cmof a hydrochloric acid solution 0.5 mol/l
and shaken for 30 s. After settling for 30 the organic phase is decanted into a separatory funnel No. 4 with a capacity of 100 cm
by washing the solution with a separating funnel N 1 cm 3
of chloroform.
The operation of re-extraction in a separating funnel 3 N repeat 3 times with 10 cmof hydrochloric acid solution 0.5 mol/DM
by washing the solution 1 cm
of chloroform.
Hydrochloric acid solutions are combined in a separating funnel N 4, the organic phase is discarded.
The solution in separating funnel N 4 washed 2 times with chloroform portions of 5 cm, shaking for 30 s. After settling, the chloroform layer discarded.
The aqueous phase was transferred to volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cm, pour 3 cm
of a solution of hydrochloric acid (1:1), heated to 35−40 °C. add bromine water until the appearance of orange color (approximately 1 cm
) and in excess of 0.5 cm
. The solution was cooled, poured ammonia solution until the disappearance of the orange color and in excess of 1 cm
.
The cooled solution was poured 1 cmof a solution of the brominated dimethylglyoxime, made up to the mark with water and AC
eshivot.
3.3.5. Optical density of the solution is measured after 10 min, but not later than 30 min at a wavelength of 445 nm in a cuvette with a layer thickness of 20 mm.
Solution comparison is the solution of the reference experiment, which is prepared according to claim 3.3.1 or 3.3.2 with all used in the analysis reagents.
3.3.6. Mass fraction of Nickel is calculated according to the calibration schedule.
3.3.7. Construction of calibration curve
Ten of the eleven cups with a capacity of 250 cmmeasure 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; 8,0; 10,0; 12,0; 14,0; 16,0; 18,0; 20,0 cm
standard solution B, which corresponds to 0,00002; 0,00004; 0,00006; 0,00008; 0,0001; 0,00012; 0,00014; 0,00016; 0,00018; 0,0002 g of Nickel, is poured 10 cm
of tartaric acid solution, 5 cm
of a solution of hydrochloric acid hydroxylamine and further arrive at PP.3.3.3; 3.3.4 and
Solution comparison is the solution in which Nickel is not introduced.
According to the obtained values of optical density of the solutions and their corresponding masses of Nickel to build a calibration curve.
3.4. Processing of the results
3.4.1. Mass fraction of Nickel () in percent is calculated by the formula
where is the mass of Nickel in sample solution, found by calibration schedule g;
— the weight of the portion in aliquote part of the sample solution,
3.4.2. Discrepancies in the results must not exceed the values given in table.4.
Table 4
| Mass fraction of Nickel, % |
The absolute allowable difference, % | |
| results of parallel measurements |
the results of the analysis | |
| From 0,005 to 0,010 incl. |
0,001 |
0,002 |
| SV. Of 0.010 «to 0.025 « |
0,003 |
0,004 |
| «0,025» 0,050 « |
0,004 |
0,005 |
| «0,050» 0,100 « |
0,005 |
0,008 |
| «To 0.10» to 0.25 « |
0,01 |
0,02 |
| «0,25» 0,50 « |
0,02 |
0,03 |
| «0,50» 1,00 « |
0,04 |
0,06 |
| «1,00» 2,00 « |
0,06 |
0,08 |
| «2,00» 3,00 « |
0,10 |
0,15 |
4. ATOMIC ABSORPTION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF NICKEL
4.1. The essence of the method
The method is based on dissolving the samples in hydrochloric acid in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and subsequent measurement of the atomic absorption of Nickel in the flame acetylene-air at a wavelength of 232,0 nm for the mass fraction of Nickel from 0.005 to 1.0% 352,4 nm for the mass fraction of Nickel from 1.0 to 8.0%.
4.2. Apparatus, reagents and solutions
Spectrophotometer of atomic absorption with a radiation source for Nickel.
Acetylene according to GOST 5457.
Hydrochloric acid according to GOST 3118, density of 1.19 g/cm, mortar 1:1 and 1:99.
Nitric acid according to GOST 4461, density 1,35−1,40 g/cm.
Sulfuric acid according to GOST 4204, density 1.84 g/cm.
Hydrofluoric acid according to GOST 10484.
Hydrogen peroxide according to GOST 10929.
Aluminium GOST 11069* brand А999.
_______________
* On the territory of the Russian GOST 11069−2001, here and hereafter. — Note the manufacturer’s database.
A solution of aluminum 20 g/DM: 10 g of aluminum is placed in a conical flask with a capacity of 500 cm
, add 50 cm
of water, then small portions of 300 cm
of a hydrochloric acid solution (1:1) and dissolved under moderate heating. The solution was cooled to room temperature, transferred to a volumetric flask with a capacity of 500 cm
, made up to the mark with water and mix.
Nickel GOST 849 brand N22.
Standard solutions of Nickel
Solution a: 1 g of Nickel is placed in a conical flask with a capacity of 250 cm, 30 cm, pour the
hydrochloric acid solution (1:1) and dissolved by heating. After complete dissolution of the sample solution was cooled to room temperature, transferred to a volumetric flask with a capacity of 500 cm
, made up to the mark with water and mix.
1 cmof the solution contains 0.002 g of Nickel.
Solution B: 10 cmsolution And transferred to a volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cm
, flow 10 cm
of hydrochloric acid (1:1), made up to the mark with water and mix.
1 cmof a solution contains 0.0002 g of Nickel.
Solution: 5 cmmortar And transferred to a volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cm
, flow 10 cm
of hydrochloric acid 1:1, made up to the mark with water and mix.
1 cmof the solution contains 0,
0001 g of Nickel.
4.3. Analysis
4.3.1. A portion of sample weighing 0.5 g is placed in a conical flask with a capacity of 250 cm, pour approximately 10 cm
of water and then small portions of 25 cm
of a solution of hydrochloric acid (1:1). The beaker cover watch glass, heat to completely dissolve the sample, add 3−5 drops of hydrogen peroxide and boil the solution for 3 min.
Watch glass and walls of the flask rinsed with water. The solution was cooled to room temperature, transferred to a volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cmfor the mass fraction of Nickel from 0.01 to 0.1% or 250 cm
for the mass fraction of Nickel in excess of 0.1 to 8.0%.
4.3.2. When the mass fraction of silicon is less than 1% solution, if it is not transparent, was filtered through a dry filter medium density (white ribbon) in a beaker, discarding the first portions of the filtrate.
4.3.3. When the mass fraction of silicon in excess of 1% after completion of dissolution according to claim 4.3.1 solution is filtered through a filter medium density (white ribbon) in a volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cmfor the mass fraction of Nickel from 0.01 to 0.1% or 250 cm
for the mass fraction of Nickel in excess of 0.1 to 8.0%. The filter cake was washed 3−4 times with hot hydrochloric acid (1:99) in portions of 10 cm
(primary filtrate).
The filter with precipitate was placed in a platinum crucible, dried, incinerated, preventing ignition, and calcined at 500−600 °C for 3 min. After cooling the content of crucible add four drops of sulphuric acid, 5 cmhydrofluoric acid and nitric acid drop by drop until a clear solution.
The solution was then evaporated to dryness and after cooling, the residue moistened with 2−3 cmof water and dissolve in 2−3 cm
of hydrochloric acid (1:1) under heating.
The solution is attached to the main filtrate in a volumetric flask with a capacity of 100 cmfor the mass fraction of Nickel from 0.01 to 0.1% or 250 cm
for the mass fraction of Nickel in excess of 0.1 to 8.0%, made up to the mark with water and mix
T.
4.3.4. The solution in the reference experiment is prepared according to PP.4.3.1, 4.3.2 and 4.3.3 using is sample the sample the sample of aluminium.
4.3.5. Construction of calibration graphs
4.3.5.1. When the mass fraction of Nickel from 0.005 to 0.1 percent in seven volumetric flasks with a capacity of 100 cmpoured in 25 cm
of a solution of aluminum in six of them measure 0,25; 0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 5,0 cm
standard solution, which corresponds to 0,000025; 0,00005; 0,00015; 0,00025; 0,00035; 0,0005 g of Nickel.
4.3.5.2. When the mass fraction of Nickel more than 0.1 to 1.0% in six volumetric flasks with a capacity of 100 cmpour 10 cm
of a solution of aluminum 10 cm
of hydrochloric acid (1:1) and in five of them measure 1,0; 2,5; 5,0; 7,5; 10,0 cm
standard solution B, which corresponds to 0,0002; 0,0005; 0,001; 0,0015; 0.002 g Nickel.
4.3.5.3. When the mass fraction of Nickel above 1.0 to 8.0% in six volumetric flasks with a capacity of 100 cmpour 10 cm
of a solution of aluminum 10 cm
of hydrochloric acid (1:1) and in five of them measure 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 6,0; 8,0 cm
standard solution A, which corresponds to 0,002; 0,004; 0,008; 0,012; 0,016 g of Nickel.
4.3.5.4. The solutions in flasks in PP.4.3.5.1,
4.3.6. The sample solution, solution control experience and solutions to build the calibration curve is sprayed into the flame of acetylene-air and measure the atomic absorption of Nickel at a wavelength of 232,0 nm for the mass fraction of Nickel from 0.005 to 1.0% or 352,4 nm for the mass fraction of Nickel above 1.0 to 8.0%.
According to the obtained values of atomic absorption and corresponding mass concentrations of Nickel to build a calibration curve.
The mass concentration of Nickel in sample solution and in the solution of control and experience determined by the calibration schedule.
4.4. Processing of the results
4.4.1. Mass fraction of Nickel () in percent is calculated by the formula
where is the mass concentration of Nickel in sample solution, found by calibration schedule, g/cm
;
— mass concentration of Nickel in solution in the reference experiment, was found in the calibration schedule, g/cm
;
— the volume of the sample solution, cm
;
— the weight of the portion of sample or the mass of the sample in the appropriate aliquote part of the sample, g
.
4.4.2. Discrepancies in the results must not exceed the values given in table.5.
Table 5
| Mass fraction of Nickel, % |
The absolute allowable difference, % | |
| results of parallel measurements |
the results of the analysis | |
| From 0,005 to 0,010 incl. |
0,002 |
0,003 |
| SV. Of 0.010 «to 0.025 « |
0,003 |
0,005 |
| «0,025» 0,050 « |
0,005 |
0,007 |
| «0,050» 0,100 « |
0,010 |
0,015 |
| «To 0.10» to 0.25 « |
0,02 |
0,03 |
| «0,25» 0,50 « |
0,05 |
0,08 |
| «0,50» 1,00 « |
0,08 |
0,10 |
| «1,00» 2,00 « |
0,10 |
0,15 |
| «2,00» 4,00 « |
0,15 |
0,20 |
| «4,0» 8,0 « |
0,2 |
0,3 |
